The intricate process of protein synthesis is fundamental to the operation of all living organisms. This complex procedure involves two main stages: transcription and translation. During transcription, the genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. This mRNA molecule then travels to ribosomes, where duri

Proteins are complex biological structures driving a vast array of organismal processes. Their diverse functions stem directly from their intricate three-dimensional structures. A protein's shape is determined by the order of its constituent amino acids, which are connected in chains. This primary structure dictates the protein's higher-order struc